MNRE's Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme runs FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 — supports projects of 1-25 MW; targets 1,500 MW new SHP capacity; financial assistance ₹3.6 cr/MW (cap ₹30 cr/project) for North Eastern States + International Border Districts and ₹2.4 cr/MW (cap ₹20 cr/project) elsewhere; India's total SHP potential is 21,133.61 MW, of which 24.5% (5,171 MW) is harnessed as of early 2026.
MNRE की लघु जल विद्युत (SHP) विकास योजना FY 2026-27 से FY 2030-31 तक; 1-25 MW परियोजनाओं का समर्थन; लक्ष्य 1,500 MW नई SHP क्षमता; वित्तीय सहायता: ₹3.6 करोड़/MW (अधिकतम ₹30 करोड़/परियोजना) पूर्वोत्तर राज्यों + अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमा ज़िलों के लिए एवं ₹2.4 करोड़/MW (अधिकतम ₹20 करोड़/परियोजना) अन्य स्थानों के लिए; भारत की कुल SHP क्षमता 21,133.61 MW, जिसमें 24.5% (5,171 MW) दोहन (2026 की शुरुआत तक)।
Why in News
The Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme has been notified for FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) — aimed at unlocking the unique strengths of small hydropower for India's renewable-energy mix.
Scheme objective: Support Small Hydro Projects (SHPs) of 1-25 MW capacity. SHPs are administered by MNRE, while large hydropower projects (>25 MW) fall under the Ministry of Power.
Capacity status: India's total SHP potential is 21,133.61 MW, of which 24.5% (5,171 MW) has been harnessed as of early 2026. The scheme targets unlocking 1,500 MW of new SHP capacity during its five-year tenure.
Financial assistance — two tiers:
- North Eastern States and International Border Districts: ₹3.6 crore per MW OR 30% of project cost (cap ₹30 crore per project)
- Other locations: ₹2.4 crore per MW OR 20% of project cost (cap ₹20 crore per project)
Why it matters: SHP is a decentralised, run-of-river renewable that suits remote, hilly, and border regions where large-scale grid extension is difficult. The differential subsidy structure recognises higher project costs and developmental priority in the Northeast and border districts — aligned with the broader Look East / Act East policy and infrastructure parity for frontier regions.
At a Glance
- Scheme
- Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme
- Tenure
- FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 (5 years)
- Administering ministry
- Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) — for projects 1-25 MW
- Large hydro (>25 MW)
- Under Ministry of Power
- Capacity range supported
- 1-25 MW (Small Hydro Projects)
- Target
- Unlock 1,500 MW of new SHP capacity over 5 years
- India's SHP potential
- 21,133.61 MW total
- Harnessed (early 2026)
- 24.5% — 5,171 MW
- Financial assistance — NE + border districts
- ₹3.6 crore/MW or 30% of project cost; cap ₹30 crore/project
- Financial assistance — other locations
- ₹2.4 crore/MW or 20% of project cost; cap ₹20 crore/project
The Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme has been notified by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for the period FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 — a five-year programme to expand India's small-hydro footprint with differential support for the Northeast and border districts.
About SHP — definition and administrative split:
- Small Hydro Projects (SHPs): hydropower projects with installed capacity of 1-25 MW
- Administered by MNRE as part of the renewable-energy portfolio
- Large hydropower (>25 MW): administered by the Ministry of Power under conventional power-sector regulation
- This split reflects SHP's renewable, decentralised, run-of-river character vs the storage-based, grid-anchoring nature of large dams
Scheme parameters:
- Tenure: FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31
- Target: unlock 1,500 MW of new SHP capacity over the 5-year period
- Financial assistance — two tiers:
- North Eastern States and International Border Districts: ₹3.6 crore per MW or 30% of project cost, whichever is lower; cap of ₹30 crore per project
- Other locations: ₹2.4 crore per MW or 20% of project cost, whichever is lower; cap of ₹20 crore per project
India's SHP capacity status (early 2026):
- Total estimated SHP potential: 21,133.61 MW
- Harnessed so far: approximately 5,171 MW — 24.5% of potential
- Headroom: ~15,962 MW of unharnessed potential
- Major SHP-rich states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Kerala
Why SHP matters in India's energy mix:
- Decentralised generation for remote and hilly regions
- Run-of-river design — minimal land submergence and no large reservoirs
- Lower environmental footprint vs large dams
- Grid-edge contribution for areas where grid extension is costly
- Border-area infrastructure parity — financial weighting for NE and border districts addresses developmental imbalance
India's wider renewable-energy targets:
- 500 GW non-fossil installed capacity by 2030 (under Panchamrit pledges, COP26 Glasgow)
- 50% of energy from renewables by 2030
- 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 2030 (vs 2005)
- Net-zero by 2070
- SHP is part of the renewable-energy stack alongside solar (PM-KUSUM, PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana), wind (offshore wind tenders), green hydrogen (National Green Hydrogen Mission, January 2023), and bioenergy
About MNRE — Ministry of New and Renewable Energy:
- Established 1992 as the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources; renamed Ministry of New and Renewable Energy in 2006
- Nodal ministry for renewable-energy development
- Oversees solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, ocean, hydrogen, and decentralised renewable applications
- Implements through IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency), SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India), NIWE (National Institute of Wind Energy), NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy), and NIBE (National Institute of Bioenergy)
Administrative split — Centre and States:
- Hydropower sits in the Concurrent List of the Constitution; both Centre and States have jurisdiction
- States approve SHP locations, environmental clearances, and water-rights
- MNRE provides financial assistance and technical standards under the SHP Scheme
- Federal coordination is therefore central to scheme execution
Wider context — global SHP comparators:
- China: world's largest SHP capacity (~80,000 MW)
- Brazil, USA, Italy, India are other major SHP capacity holders
- India has the largest unharnessed SHP potential among major economies
लघु जल विद्युत (SHP) विकास योजना MNRE द्वारा FY 2026-27 से FY 2030-31 के लिए अधिसूचित — पाँच-वर्षीय कार्यक्रम जिसमें पूर्वोत्तर एवं सीमा ज़िलों के लिए विभेदित समर्थन।
SHP — परिभाषा एवं प्रशासनिक विभाजन:
- लघु जल विद्युत परियोजनाएँ (SHPs): 1-25 MW स्थापित क्षमता
- MNRE द्वारा प्रशासित (नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा पोर्टफ़ोलियो)
- बड़ी जल विद्युत (>25 MW): विद्युत मंत्रालय के तहत
योजना मानदंड:
- अवधि: FY 2026-27 से FY 2030-31
- लक्ष्य: 5 वर्षों में 1,500 MW नई SHP क्षमता
- वित्तीय सहायता — दो स्तर:
- पूर्वोत्तर राज्य + अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सीमा ज़िले: ₹3.6 करोड़/MW या 30% परियोजना लागत (अधिकतम ₹30 करोड़/परियोजना)
- अन्य स्थान: ₹2.4 करोड़/MW या 20% परियोजना लागत (अधिकतम ₹20 करोड़/परियोजना)
भारत की SHP क्षमता स्थिति (2026 की शुरुआत):
- कुल अनुमानित SHP क्षमता: 21,133.61 MW
- दोहन की गई: लगभग 5,171 MW — 24.5%
- शेष: ~15,962 MW अनदोहित क्षमता
- प्रमुख SHP-समृद्ध राज्य: हिमाचल प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड, कर्नाटक, अरुणाचल प्रदेश, जम्मू-कश्मीर, महाराष्ट्र, केरल
भारत की व्यापक नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा लक्ष्य:
- 2030 तक 500 GW गैर-जीवाश्म स्थापित क्षमता (पंचामृत प्रतिज्ञा, COP26 ग्लासगो)
- 2030 तक 50% ऊर्जा नवीकरणीय से
- 2070 तक नेट-ज़ीरो
MNRE के बारे में:
- 1992 में गैर-पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोत विभाग के रूप में स्थापित; 2006 में MNRE नामकरण
- कार्यान्वयन: IREDA + SECI + NIWE + NISE + NIBE
प्रशासनिक विभाजन — केंद्र एवं राज्य:
- जल विद्युत = समवर्ती सूची
- राज्य = स्थान, पर्यावरण मंज़ूरी, जल अधिकार
- MNRE = वित्तीय सहायता एवं तकनीकी मानक
वैश्विक तुलना:
- चीन: विश्व की सबसे बड़ी SHP क्षमता (~80,000 MW)
- भारत की प्रमुख अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में सबसे बड़ी अनदोहित SHP क्षमता
| Parameter | NE States + International Border Districts | Other locations |
|---|---|---|
| Per-MW assistance | ₹3.6 crore per MW | ₹2.4 crore per MW |
| Project-cost share alternative | 30% of project cost (whichever is lower) | 20% of project cost (whichever is lower) |
| Cap per project | ₹30 crore | ₹20 crore |
| Rationale | Higher project costs + developmental priority | Standard renewable-energy CFA |
- 1MNRE established (renamed from DNES)(1992 / 2006)Nodal ministry for renewable energy in India
- 2MNRE implementing agencies — IREDA, SECI, NIWE, NISE, NIBE(Various)Sector-specific R&D, financing, and project execution
- 3Panchamrit pledges (COP26 Glasgow)(November 2021)500 GW non-fossil by 2030; 50% energy from renewables; net-zero by 2070
- 4PM-KUSUM (solar pumps for farmers)(2019)Solar pumps + grid-connected solar plants for de-dieselised agricultural pumping
- 5National Green Hydrogen Mission(January 2023)₹19,744 crore outlay; 5 MMT green H2 production capacity by 2030
- 6PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (rooftop solar)(February 2024)Targets 1 crore household rooftop solar installations
- 7SHP Development Scheme (current)(FY 2026-27 to 2030-31)1,500 MW new SHP capacity; differential CFA for NE + border districts
Static GK
- •Small Hydro Power (SHP) — definition: Hydropower projects with installed capacity of 1-25 MW; administered by MNRE; classified as renewable energy; large hydropower (>25 MW) is under Ministry of Power
- •Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE): Established 1992 as Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources; renamed 2006; nodal ministry for renewable-energy development; oversees solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, ocean, hydrogen, decentralised renewables
- •Administrative split — hydropower in India: SHPs (1-25 MW) under MNRE; large hydro (>25 MW) under Ministry of Power; reflects SHP's renewable, decentralised, run-of-river character vs storage-based grid-anchoring large dams
- •MNRE implementing agencies: IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency); SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India); NIWE (National Institute of Wind Energy); NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy); NIBE (National Institute of Bioenergy)
- •Hydropower constitutional status: Hydropower / water resources are in the Concurrent List of the Indian Constitution; both Centre and States have jurisdiction; states approve SHP locations and environmental clearances; MNRE provides financial assistance and technical standards
- •India's renewable-energy targets (Panchamrit, COP26 Glasgow Nov 2021): 500 GW non-fossil installed capacity by 2030; 50% energy from renewables by 2030; 1 billion tonne CO2 reduction by 2030; 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 2030 (vs 2005); net-zero by 2070
- •National Green Hydrogen Mission: Launched January 2023; outlay ₹19,744 crore; targets 5 MMT green hydrogen production capacity by 2030; under MNRE
- •PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan): Solar pumps and grid-connected solar plants for farmers; under MNRE; aimed at de-dieselising agricultural pumping
- •PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana: Rooftop solar scheme launched February 2024; targets 1 crore households; under MNRE
- •Major SHP-rich states in India: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra, Kerala — together account for the bulk of India's SHP potential
- •Global SHP comparators: China is the world's largest SHP capacity holder (~80,000 MW); Brazil, USA, Italy, India also major; India has the largest unharnessed SHP potential among major economies
Timeline
- 1992Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources established (predecessor of MNRE)
- 2006Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) established by renaming
- 2015 (June)PM-KUSUM and other major MNRE solar schemes notified; renewable-energy push intensifies
- 2021 (November)India announces Panchamrit pledges at COP26 Glasgow — 500 GW non-fossil by 2030, net-zero by 2070
- 2023 (January)National Green Hydrogen Mission launched
- 2024 (February)PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana launched (rooftop solar)
- 2026 (early)India's SHP harnessed capacity at 5,171 MW (24.5% of 21,133.61 MW potential)
- 2026-27SHP Development Scheme for FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 commences
- 2030India targets 500 GW non-fossil installed capacity (Panchamrit)
- 2030-31 (end of scheme)Target of unlocking 1,500 MW additional SHP capacity
- →Scheme: Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme
- →Tenure: FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 (5 years)
- →Capacity range: 1-25 MW (small hydro)
- →Above 25 MW = Ministry of Power
- →1-25 MW = MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy)
- →Target: 1,500 MW new SHP capacity over 5 years
- →NE + border districts: ₹3.6 cr/MW or 30% of project cost; cap ₹30 cr
- →Other locations: ₹2.4 cr/MW or 20% of project cost; cap ₹20 cr
- →India's SHP potential: 21,133.61 MW
- →Harnessed: 24.5% (5,171 MW) as of early 2026
- →MNRE founded 1992 (as DNES); renamed 2006
- →MNRE implementing agencies: IREDA, SECI, NIWE, NISE, NIBE
- →India's renewable target (Panchamrit, COP26 Glasgow Nov 2021): 500 GW non-fossil by 2030
- →Hydropower = Concurrent List under Constitution
- →Major SHP-rich states: HP, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, J&K, Maharashtra, Kerala
- →Global SHP leader: China (~80,000 MW)
Exam Angles
MNRE's Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme runs FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 — supports 1-25 MW projects (large hydro >25 MW under Ministry of Power); target 1,500 MW new SHP capacity; financial assistance: ₹3.6 cr/MW or 30% of project cost (cap ₹30 cr) for NE States + International Border Districts, ₹2.4 cr/MW or 20% (cap ₹20 cr) elsewhere; India's SHP potential 21,133.61 MW, 24.5% (5,171 MW) harnessed as of early 2026.
Q1. When was the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) established (in its current name), and what does it oversee?
- A.1992 — only solar power
- B.Renamed to MNRE in 2006 from the earlier Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (1992); oversees solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, ocean, hydrogen, and decentralised renewable applications
- C.2014 — only renewable equipment manufacturing
- D.2018 — only hydrogen and electric vehicles
tap to reveal answer
Answer: B. Renamed to MNRE in 2006 from the earlier Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (1992); oversees solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, ocean, hydrogen, and decentralised renewable applications
The Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources was established in 1992 and renamed to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in 2006. MNRE is the nodal ministry for renewable-energy development in India, overseeing solar, wind, small hydro, biomass, geothermal, ocean, hydrogen, and decentralised renewable applications. It implements through agencies including IREDA, SECI, NIWE, NISE, and NIBE.
The Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme for FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 under MNRE targets 1,500 MW of new capacity in the 1-25 MW range — with differential financial support (₹3.6 cr/MW for NE and border districts vs ₹2.4 cr/MW elsewhere) reflecting a deliberate emphasis on frontier-region energy infrastructure.
Why SHP matters in India's energy transition:
- India's total SHP potential is 21,133.61 MW, of which only 24.5% (5,171 MW) has been harnessed — a substantial untapped renewable resource
- SHP complements solar and wind by providing firm, dispatchable generation
- Decentralised, run-of-river design suits hilly, remote, and border regions where grid extension is costly
- Lower environmental footprint than large dams — minimal land submergence, no large reservoirs
Strategic significance:
- NE and border-district weighting addresses developmental imbalance and aligns with Look East / Act East Policy, the North East Industrial Development Scheme, and Vibrant Villages Programme for border infrastructure
- Renewable-energy-stack contribution toward Panchamrit pledges (COP26 Glasgow, November 2021): 500 GW non-fossil by 2030, 50% energy from renewables by 2030, net-zero by 2070
- State-level economic spillovers — SHP rich states (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, J&K) gain from royalty income, employment, and downstream industrial development
Wider policy framework:
- MNRE administers SHP; Ministry of Power administers large hydro (>25 MW)
- Hydropower is in the Concurrent List — Centre + States both have jurisdiction
- States approve SHP locations, environmental clearances, water-rights
- MNRE provides financial assistance and technical standards
- MNRE implementing agencies: IREDA, SECI, NIWE, NISE, NIBE
Implementation challenges:
- Site identification in difficult terrain — many remaining sites are in hard-to-access areas
- Environmental and ecological clearances — riverine ecosystems, fish migration, sediment flow concerns
- Land-acquisition and rehabilitation — even small projects affect local communities
- Climate-change risks — altered precipitation patterns, extreme events, glacier melt affecting Himalayan SHP sites
- Seismic and cloudburst risks — Uttarakhand, Himachal, J&K SHPs are in seismically active zones; recent climate-linked disasters (Joshimath 2023, Wayanad 2024) underline vulnerability
- Tariff competitiveness — SHP tariffs are typically higher than utility-scale solar, requiring CFA support
- PPA execution — many SHP projects struggle to secure long-term PPAs from state DISCOMs
- Decentralised grid integration — last-mile evacuation infrastructure is a constraint
Wider context — global comparators:
- China is the world's largest SHP capacity holder at ~80,000 MW
- India has the largest unharnessed SHP potential among major economies
- Run-of-river hydropower is a recognised contributor to climate-finance flows under the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and bilateral channels
- Frontier-region equityDifferential CFA structure (₹3.6 cr vs ₹2.4 cr per MW) explicitly addresses NE and border-district developmental disparity
- Renewable-energy-stack diversificationSHP complements solar (intermittent) and wind (intermittent) by providing firm, dispatchable generation
- Decentralised grid resilienceRun-of-river SHPs distribute generation across geography, reducing single-point grid failure risk
- Federal-cooperation testConcurrent-list status of hydropower + state environmental clearances make execution dependent on Centre-state coordination
- Climate-resilience challengeHimalayan SHP sites face altered precipitation, glacier melt, cloudburst risks — adaptive design and disaster-management planning needed
- Tariff vs cost competitivenessSHP needs CFA support to compete with utility-scale solar/wind tariffs; differential subsidy helps frontier viability
- Wider Panchamrit alignmentEven at 1,500 MW addition, SHP is a small share of India's 500 GW non-fossil 2030 target — but matters disproportionately for frontier and grid-edge zones
- Site identification in difficult terrain
- Environmental and ecological clearances — riverine ecosystems
- Land-acquisition and rehabilitation in hilly regions
- Climate-change risks (altered precipitation, glacier melt, extreme events)
- Seismic and cloudburst vulnerability in Himalayan zones
- Tariff competitiveness vs utility-scale solar
- PPA execution with state DISCOMs
- Last-mile grid evacuation infrastructure
- Federal coordination across MNRE, MoP, state agencies
- Streamline SHP environmental and ecological clearance processes
- Climate-adaptive engineering design — accommodate altered hydrology
- Disaster-management planning embedded in SHP project design (Joshimath, Wayanad lessons)
- Bundling SHP with hybrid solar-wind-storage projects to improve dispatch and tariff economics
- Mandate state DISCOM PPA support for SHPs in border/NE districts
- Last-mile grid-evacuation infrastructure financing through state-Centre coordination
- Operationalise the differential CFA scheme with regular monitoring of NE/border-district uptake
- Climate-finance integration — leverage GCF, bilateral channels for SHP in frontier regions
- Long-term sediment-management and fish-passage standards
Mains Q · 250wDiscuss the strategic significance of the Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme (FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31) for India's renewable-energy mix and frontier-region development. (250 words)
Intro: MNRE's Small Hydro Power (SHP) Development Scheme (FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31) supports 1-25 MW projects with target of 1,500 MW new capacity; differential financial assistance (₹3.6 cr/MW for NE + border districts vs ₹2.4 cr/MW elsewhere) reflects deliberate frontier-region weighting. India's SHP potential is 21,133.61 MW, of which only 24.5% (5,171 MW) is harnessed.
- Renewable-energy stack: SHP complements intermittent solar/wind by providing firm, dispatchable generation; run-of-river decentralised design suits hilly/remote regions
- Frontier-region equity: differential CFA (₹3.6 vs ₹2.4 cr/MW) aligns with Look East/Act East Policy + North East Industrial Development Scheme + Vibrant Villages Programme
- Panchamrit alignment: contributes to 500 GW non-fossil by 2030, 50% renewables by 2030, net-zero by 2070
- Federal coordination: hydropower in Concurrent List; state clearances + MNRE financial assistance
- MNRE implementing ecosystem: IREDA, SECI, NIWE, NISE, NIBE
- Challenges: site identification in difficult terrain; environmental clearances; climate-change risks (altered precipitation, glacier melt); seismic and cloudburst vulnerability (Joshimath 2023, Wayanad 2024); tariff vs utility-scale solar; PPA with state DISCOMs; last-mile grid evacuation
- Way forward: streamlined clearances; climate-adaptive engineering; bundling with hybrid solar-wind-storage; state-DISCOM PPA mandates; climate-finance via GCF; long-term sediment management
Conclusion: SHP's contribution to India's 500 GW non-fossil 2030 target is modest in absolute terms — but disproportionate in distributing renewable generation across frontier regions and grid-edge zones. The scheme's differential subsidy structure is a worked example of using infrastructure finance to balance national renewable-energy goals with developmental equity for the Northeast and border districts.
Common Confusions
- Trap · SHP capacity range
Correct: 1-25 MW — administered by MNRE; above 25 MW is large hydropower, administered by Ministry of Power
- Trap · Scheme tenure
Correct: FY 2026-27 to FY 2030-31 — five years; not 2024 onward and not open-ended
- Trap · Target SHP capacity
Correct: 1,500 MW of new SHP capacity over the 5-year scheme; not 15,000 MW and not 500 MW
- Trap · Financial assistance for NE + border districts
Correct: ₹3.6 crore per MW or 30% of project cost (whichever is lower); cap ₹30 crore per project — higher than for other locations
- Trap · Financial assistance for other locations
Correct: ₹2.4 crore per MW or 20% of project cost (whichever is lower); cap ₹20 crore per project
- Trap · India's SHP potential vs harnessed
Correct: Total potential 21,133.61 MW; harnessed approximately 5,171 MW (24.5%) as of early 2026
- Trap · MNRE vs Ministry of Power split
Correct: MNRE = SHPs (1-25 MW) — renewable; Ministry of Power = large hydropower (>25 MW) — conventional power-sector regulation
- Trap · MNRE founding
Correct: Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources established 1992; renamed MNRE in 2006
- Trap · Hydropower constitutional status
Correct: Concurrent List under the Indian Constitution; both Centre and States have jurisdiction; state environmental clearances + MNRE financial assistance combine for execution
- Trap · Major SHP-rich states
Correct: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, J&K, Maharashtra, Kerala — together account for the bulk of India's SHP potential
- Trap · MNRE implementing agencies
Correct: IREDA (financing), SECI (solar), NIWE (wind), NISE (solar R&D), NIBE (bioenergy) — distinct sector-specific bodies
- Trap · Panchamrit pledges venue
Correct: Announced at COP26 Glasgow in November 2021 by PM Modi; not Paris (COP21, 2015) and not Dubai (COP28, 2023)